The apparel sector is a fundamental engine of economic growth in many developing countries. Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam are among the largest exporters of apparel, employing millions of workers. Although apparel is a $2.5 trillion industry and there are an estimated 75 million people working in the sector worldwide, there are no global estimates of how many are in forced labor.
Most manufacturing workers are in lower-income countries, and are often young, unskilled, female, and/or migrants. These factors leave them vulnerable to exploitative working conditions. Work weeks regularly exceed 70 hours and wages are often less than $100 per month in the most competitive markets.
Formal apparel manufacturing
Formal apparel manufacturing businesses have strong links to export markets and use both local and migrant labor. While there is the most visibility into this section of the supply chain, there are still challenges in ensuring workers are ethically recruited and unauthorized subcontracting, where exploitative labor is often found, is prevented.
Informal apparel manufacturing
High rates of labor exploitation and child labor are suspected to occur in informal factories. These small-scale producers use local labor and usually sell to local markets, with some exceptions, and sometimes have ties to organized crime.
While media attention on instances of forced labor in global apparel supply chains has grown, a large number of victims, found in the informal segments of apparel supply chains and therefore beyond brand and government oversight, are still far from the reach of global scrutiny. They remain hidden, isolated from any support, and endure abject hardships.
We work with at-risk communities to promote worker welfare. To empower vulnerable apparel workers, we educate and support worker communities and provide at-risk workers with safer employment opportunities. This support includes job skilling, educational support for child workers removed from factories, and raising awareness about forced labor risk and fair working conditions.
GFEMS works with businesses to improve labor practices, as part of an ethical business model. We aim to reduce the demand for exploitative labor and change business practices throughout the apparel supply chain. We create tools to help buyers and factory owners encourage and adopt ethical labor practices and to help brands identify forced labor risks in their supply chains. To end modern slavery in this sector, we work to show that exploitative business practices are uncompetitive and unprofitable.
To address the enabling environment, we collect evidence on the presence and nature of forced labor in high-risk factory clusters that traditionally escape brand and government oversight. We provide help for identified victims and build support for increased oversight of these unregulated sub-sectors. This engagement with underserved and highly vulnerable populations is how we will sustainably end modern slavery in the apparel sector.
Apparel |
Bangladesh
Project: Providing emergency support to vulnerable informal apparel workers in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, the second largest exporter of garments in the world, at least 1M workers lost their jobs as a result of COVID. Those working in the informal Ready-Made-Garment Sector were particularly hard hit.
A rapid assessment survey, conducted by our existing portfolio partners, revealed that the majority of workers surveyed, including nearly all in one survey district, reported new or exacerbated debt in the last month. Almost no workers in that same district reported receiving support from the Government of Bangladesh, NGOs, or their employers. After identifying greatest needs, we worked with our partners on the ground to deliver emergency relief including cash support to 1,500 vulnerable informal worker households, and hygiene kits and PPE to 110 factories and 1,500 households.
Historically, detecting forced labor in the supply chains of major international companies has been challenging. Although some tools do exist, they have been largely too inexact to help companies prevent the use of forced labor. GFEMS has developed a new award-winning tool that helps companies predict the risk of forced labor at the company level with about 84% accuracy.
Learn MoreWorking with local partners, leaders with lived experience, and others invested in human dignity, GFEMS is building the momentum needed for sustainable change.